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The two forces act in opposition; the horizontal force tends to reverse the wall, while the vertical forces tend to support it via gravity - Ace Construction Company Texas. The ratio of wall height to base width varies with the ratio of vertical pressure to horizontal pressure. More appropriately, the relationship between density of base and wall height can be expressed: where: H = height of gravity maintaining wall, in.


( mm) Q = equivalent fluid pressure of maintained product acting horizontally as reversing minute, pcf (kg/m) W = average weight of masonry, soil and other product acting vertically to maintain soil, pcf (kg/m) This relationship in between wall height and base width for gravity keeping walls is displayed in Figure 2 for different ratios of horizontal to vertical system loads.




8 to 2. 4 m) high. Having actually selected the height-base percentages from Figure 2, the trial style is evaluated for security against overturning and sliding, bearing pressure on the soil, and flexural and shear stress in the wall. Each course of the retaining wall needs to be built with full-size concrete masonry units, with an overlapping bond pattern in between courses, as shown in Figure 3.

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2) and preferably have an oven-dry density of 125 lb/ft (2002 kg/m) or more. Cores of hollow units are generally filled to increase the weight of the wall. The fill needs to be granular in locations based on freezing. Bond is essential to guarantee sufficient shear resistance to withstand the pressure put in by the kept earth.


3) are suggested. Concrete footings should be put on company undisturbed soil. In areas where freezing is expected, the base of the footing must be put listed below the frost line. If the soil under the footing consists of soft or silty clay, it is typically suggested to place 4 to 6 in.




It is generally not needed to reinforce the footing. If heavy equipment is employed for backfilling, it ought to not be allowed to approach closer to the top of the wall than a range equal to the wall height. Care ought to also be required to prevent large effect forces on the wall as might occur by a large mass of moving earth.

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Accumulated water triggers increased pressure, seepage, and, in areas based on frost action, an extensive force of substantial magnitude near the top of the wall. In most instances, weep holes located at 4 to 10 feet (1. 2 to 3 m) spacing along the base of the wall suffice.


7 kN/m) soil weight = 100 pcf (15. 7 kN/m) soil friction coefficient = 0. 55soil bearing capability = 2000 lb/ft (0. 096 MPa) 100% strong concrete masonry systems, 120 pcf (18. 9 kN/m) concrete footing, 150 pcf (23. 6 kN/m) First, identify the width of the wall base: From Figure 2, the base of the wall is 24 in.


Keep in mind that the footing weight was not consisted of in the calculation of average unit weight of the materials acting vertically, so that the width identified from Figure 2 would be the width of the masonry wall at its base. Identify reversing minute: pressure at the base of the wall, p = overall soil height x equivalent fluid pressure of soilp = (4.

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67 ft) = 327 lb/ft (4. 8 kN/m) Determine withstanding moment (about the toe): First, determine the weight of each component, then identify the resisting minute of each weight, then sum the withstanding minutes to determine the overall resisting moment. Element: Weight S1 (0. 67 feet)( 1. 33 feet)( 100 pcf) = 89 lb (396 N) S2 (0.


67 ft)( 100 pcf) = 179 pound (796 N) S3 (0. 33 ft)( 4. 0 ft)( 100 pcf) = 132 lb (587 N) M1 (0. 67 feet)( 4. 0 ft)( 120 pcf) = 322 pound (1432 N) M2 (0. 67 feet)( 2. 67 ft)( 120 pcf) = 214 pound (952 N) M3 (0. 67 feet)( 1. 33 ft)( 120 pcf) = 107 pound (476 N) F (2.


67 ft)( 150 pcf) = 268 pound (1192 N) Component: Weight, pound (N) x Arm, ft (m) = Minute, ft-lb (N-m) S1 89 (396) 1. 33 (0. 41) 118. 5 (161) S2 179 (796) 2. 00 (0. 61) 357. 8 (485) S3 132 (587) 2. 50 (0. 76) 330. 0 (447) M1 322 (1432) 0.

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20) 215. 5 (292) M2 214 (952) 1. 33 (0. 41) 285. 5 (387) M3 107 (476) 2. 00 (0. 61) 213. 9 (290) F 268 (1192) 1. 33 (0. 41) 356. 4 (483) Overall Ace Construction Company 1311 (5832) 1878 (2546) Determine the overturning moment about the base, M: M = (P)( x overall height of soil) M = (327 lb/ft)( x 4.


28 kN-m/m) Inspect safety factors: overturning minute safety element = 1878/509 = 3. 73.7 > 2 OKsliding security factor = (1311 pound)( 0. 55)/( 327 lb/ft) = 2. 22.2 > 1. 5 OKAY Examine pressure on soil: Since the concrete masonry utilized in this example is assumed strong or completely grouted, the estimations do not consist of a check of shear tensions and flexural tensions in the wall.


Flexural and shear tensions in gravity keeping walls will often be of small importance. comparable fluid pressure of soil = 40 pcf (7. 1 kN/m) soil weight = 100 pcf (15. 7 kN/m) soil friction coefficient = 0. 55soil bearing capability = 2000 lb/ft (0. Ace Construction Company Texas. 096 MPa) hollow concrete masonry systems, 130 pcf (20.

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1 kN/m) f'm = 1500 psi (10. 3 MPa) Type S portland cement-lime mortar concrete footing, 150 pcf (23. 6 kN/m) Initially, figure out the width of the wall base: From Figure 2, try a base width of 42 in. (1067 mm), with a footing width of 50 in. (1270 mm) Determine overturning minute:p = (6.


013 MPa) P = (267 lb/ft)( 6. 67 ft) = 890 lb/ft (13 kN/m) M = (890 lb/ft)( x 6. 67 feet) = 1978 ft-lb/ft (8. 81 kN-m/m) Element: Weight, lb (N) x Arm, ft (m) = Minute, ft-lb (N-m) S1 22 (98) 1. 50 (0. 46) 33 (45) S2 44 (196) 1.